Sunday, October 31, 2010

Conjunctions : Theory

Conjunctions
Etymology : con (to) + junct (join) + ion
Conjunctions are words that do the work of joining two words,phrases,clauses or sentences.They basically do the function of joining.

They are classified as :
Cordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions
Double conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction : joins two unequal parts.In a complex sentence it joins the subordinate clause to a main clause.
Cordinating conjunction : joins two equal parts.In a compound sentence it does the function of joining two main clauses.

Subordinating conjunctions : here's a list of few subordinting conjunctions and the meaning they convey.

•after : indicates time
•although : concession
•as : reason
•as if : conditional
•as long as
•as much as
•as soon as : indicates time
•as though
•because : reason
•before : time or position
•even
•even if : condition
•even though : concession
•if : conditional
•if only
•if when
•if then
•inasmuch
•in order that
•just as
•lest
•now
•now since
•now that
•now when
•once : time
•provided
•provided that
•rather than
•since : reason
•supposing
•than
•that : a clause indicator (adjective)
•though : concession
•til : time
•unless
•until : time
•when : time
•whenever
•where : place
•whereas
•where if
•wherever
•whether : choice
•which : clause indicator (adjective clause)
•while
•who
•whoever
•why : reason

Saturday, October 30, 2010

EngQuizzitive - 43 (grammar) : Conjunctions - III : Quiz

EngQuizzitive - 43 (grammar) : Conjunctions - III

Topic : Subordinating Conjunctions (additional quiz : for all those who have been requesting to increase the number of questions in the quiz :)
Theory on Subordinating conjunctions : http://engquizzitive.blogspot.com/2010/10/conjunctions-theory.html


Answers
  1. The doctor said that he would not recover until he had the will to leave.[Incorrect : Until’ is up to the point in time or the event mentioned. The sentence suggests a condition meaning ‘if he does not . ‘. Hence ‘unless’ should replace ‘until’. The correct sentence is : The doctor said that he would not recover unless he had the will to leave.]
  2. Since the conductor finds everything left behind by the passengers,he sends it to the Lost Property Office.[Incorrect : It is a clause of condition. Hence if, in case or when has to replace ‘since’.The correct sentence is If the conductor finds anything left behind by the passengers,he sends it to the Lost Property Office.]
  3. I'll never support him even though it costs me my job.[Incorrect : Even though’ is used before facts. ‘Even though he had very little money. . . ‘. ‘Even if’ is used before a possibility.Here it is a possibility. He may lose his job if he doesn’t support. Hence ‘even if’ should replace ‘even though’.The correct answer is : I'll never support him even if it costs me my job.]
  4. You can see the stars at night as the sky is clear.[Incorrect : If‘ should replace ‘as’ in this context. It is a general statement. If it mentions something happening at that particular time then ‘as’ can be used. The correct sentence is As the sky is clear, you are able to see the stars’.]
  5. I have a lot of work to complete and so don't get worried when I am late. [Incorrect : It shows a probability. I might be late. Hence ‘if’ has to replace ‘when’.The correct sentence is : I have a lot of work to complete and so don't get worried if I am late.]
Another Quiz on Subirdinating conjunctions : http://engquizzitive.blogspot.com/2010/10/engquizzitive-42-grammar-conjunctions_30.html

EngQuizzitive- 42 (grammar) : Conjunctions : Quiz

EngQuizzitive- 42 (grammar) : Conjunctions : Answers

Theory on Subordinating conjunctions : http://engquizzitive.blogspot.com/2010/10/conjunctions-theory.html

Answers

  1. Despite of taking plenty of fluids ,he felt exhausted,tired and dehydrated.[Incorrect : Despite means inspite of and hence the 'of' in the above sentence is redundat.The correct sentence is : Despite taking plenty of fluids ,he felt exhausted,tired and dehydrated]
  2. Wise men love truth as fools shun it. [Incorrect : As’ as conjunction can mean ‘because’ or ‘even though which is inapt in this context. ’Whereas’ shows contrast which has to replace ‘as’.The correct  sentence is : Wise men love truth whereas fools shun it.]
  3. Though it is quite windy,yet she does not wish to wear her coat. [Incorrect : 'Though’ and ‘but’, ‘yet’ or ‘still’ should not be used in the same sentence.The correct sentence is : Though it is quite windy,she does not wish to wear her coat.]
  4. Unless you are honest and truthful you will be respected by all.[Incorrect : This is a condition .'If'is most appropriate in this context.The correct sentence : If you are honest and truthful you will be respected by all.]
  5. We had to cancel our programme because bad weather. [Incorrect : ‘Because’ is a conjunction and ‘because of’ is a preposition.The sentence becomes meaningful only with the use of the preposition.The correct sentence is : We had to cancel our programme because of bad weather.]
 
Another quiz on subordinating conjunction is posted on this link : http://engquizzitive.blogspot.com/2010/10/engquizzitive-43-grammar-conjunctions_30.html

EngQuizzitive - CET - 15 (vocab) : Homophones : Quiz

EngQuizzitive - CET - 15 (vocab) : Homophones : Answers

Homophones
[homo = similiar + phonos = sound]
One of two or more words, such as night and knight, that are pronounced the same but differ in meaning, origin
eg. advice/advise , year/ear/hear/here , right/rite/write/Wright

How are they different from homonyms?

One of two or more words that have the same sound and often the same spelling but differ in meaning, such as bank (embankment) and bank (place where money is kept).


Answers
  1. There are many tourists today whose holiday plans include adventure sports. [whose = possessive form of who]
  2. Practice makes man perfect. [practice = noun , practise = verb]
  3. Proper measures should be adopted by the government for the upliftment of the backward classes. [adapted : To make suitable to or fit for a specific use or situation / adopted : To take on ]
  4. The airline canceled its early flight to New York. [it's = it is , its = possessive pronoun]
  5. The government's action had no effect on the trade imbalance.
 For more quizzes on homophones : http://engquizzitive.blogspot.com/2010/09/engquizzitive-26-vocab-quiz.html
For a list of homophones : http://engquizzitive.blogspot.com/2010/10/homophones-and-misused-words-from-cat.html

Friday, October 29, 2010

Economics forum : Deficit Budget

What is deficit budget?

The amount by which a government, company, or individual's spending exceeds its income over a particular period of time is known as deficit budget.

Why is it important for India?

India has always had a deficit budget.

Where does the government earn its income?

Direct taxes (income tax) , Indirect tax (excise,custom duty)

What are the government's major expenses?

Salaries of the government employees , infrastructure projects and a major part of the expenses is the interest that the government pays on the loan it takes.

How is this related to deficit budgeting?

The government's expenses are more than its income.To bridge that gap between the expense and the income the government takes loans.Earlier it used to take loans from various countries ,the IMF and the World Bank.However in the recent years it has taken loans from the citizens of India in terms of the various government bonds etc.

Hence the major expenditure of the government is the interest it pays these countries and the people from whom it has borrowed.

This is a vicious cycle which would never end unless either the income increases or the governement expenditure decreases.This decrease in expenditure can happen only if there is a reduction in the money lost in the system through corruption.

The next post on Economics form would look at this corruption issue in detail.

Do give your feedback on these posts on the Economics forum.

Wednesday, October 27, 2010

EngQuizzitive -41 (vocab) : Analogies : Quiz

EngQuizzitive - 41 (vocab) : Analogies : Answers

Analogies

Possible relationships between words
  1. synonyms
  2. antonyms
  3. collective - common noun relationshio
  4. gender relationship
  5. parent - offspring relationship
  6. part - whole
  7. degree
Answers
  1. A libretto is the entire text of an opera or any long vocal composition which is enacted on stage. A score is the written representation of any musical composition whether performed on stage or not ,a plot is the interrelated sequence of events in a novel but a novel is not performed on stage.An aria is a long,accompanied song for a solo voice sung in an opera - it is not the whole text.A script is the entire written text of a play , similar to a libretto for an opera.So this is the correct option.A coda is the concluding piece of a musical composition so the analogy is not similar to the given above. Answer : 4
  2. The two words are antonymous - an adventurous person is not timid.Cupidity is greed or gain.Deranged and insane are synonyms.An infallible person is perfect (they are not antonyms).What is abstruse is not simple or easy to understand - this is similar to the given pair.Garish relates to an object or a manner of dressing but lusty relates to a characteristic of a person.Answer : 4
  3. Emancipation means freedom.Because of its poverty a poor country is in a sort of bondage,and affluence means wealth - which would mean freedom for a poor country.In both of these analogies there is no necessity that the slave is actively seeking emancipation or the poor country is actively seeking afluence.Whereas the  seeker-success analogy implies an active seeking. Answer:3
  4. This is a degree of intensity analogy.Someone who is euphoric is extremly content,while someone who is miserable is extremely unhappy. Answer : 4
  5. This is a definitional type of analogy.Someone who is naive lacks experience.Likewise,someone who is unschooled lacks education. Answer :1
I have been flooded with request for quite sometime now to increase the number of questions in the quiz.Trust me I haven't ignored these requests.I was sceptical about how many students would like to solve 10 questions.

However I don't want to disappoint students who are hungry for more.So rather than increasing the number of questions in the quizzes I mail I have thought of uploading one more quiz on the same topic.The link for which would be posted in the answer post of the quiz mailed to you.

So all those who want to solve can take the quiz and those who don't still have a choice of continuing with the same pattern.

I hope this helps :) 

So for those hungry for more here is a link to another quiz on analogies (a slightly easier one) : http://engquizzitive.blogspot.com/2010/10/engquizzitive-cet-13-vocab-analogies_22.html


Denmark the world's least corrupt

While India has fallen to 87th rank when it comes to corruption, Denmark has defended its number one slot with almost no corruption.Here's how it has achieved this.


Denmark (officially : the kingdom of Denmark)

Denmark, with a mixed market capitalist economy and a large welfare state, ranks as having the world's highest level of income equality. Denmark has the best business climate in the world, according to the U.S. business magazine Forbes. From 2006 to 2008, survey ranked Denmark as "the happiest place in the world", based on standards of health, welfare and education. The 2009 Global Peace Index survey ranks Denmark as the second most peaceful country in the world, after New Zealand.

In 2009, Denmark was ranked as one of the least corrupt countries in the world according to the Corruption Perceptions Index, ranking second only to New Zealand. In 2010, Transparency International ranked it as least corrupt country in the world, in a three-way tie with New Zealand and Singapore

Initiatives taken by Denmark to curb corruption : the formation of the trade council of Denmark

THE TRADE COUNCIL OF DENMARK'S ROLE


TCD represents the Danish state and assists Danish companies operating in foreign markets where corruption is rife. TCD does not offer direct legal assistance, but informs companies of relevant legal matters and provides them with specific tools to avoid bribery and corruption on a given market. This gives TCD a significant role in the fight for more transparent and effective international trade and investment to the benefit of Danish businesses.
 
The Trade Council Denmark (TCD) has implemented an internal anti-corruption policy establishing clear guidelines on how TCD staff is to respond to corruption and bribery. The internal policy is founded on a “zero-tolerance-principle” towards corruption and bribery.
 
Other initiatives taken
  • In 2004, Danida launched an Action Plan to fight corruption and developed a Code of Conduct which in few words can be boiled down to a zero tolerance policy. Furthermore, Danida has established an Anti-Corruption Hotline to enable people to report misuse of Danida funds.

Is legal action against author Arundhati Roy's speech on Kashmir an overreaction?

Is legal action against author Arundhati Roy's speech on Kashmir an overreaction?

What was her speech?

"Kashmir has never been an integral part of India," said Roy, provoking the various political parties in the country.

The reaction to her speech

BJP to demand that she, along with Geelani, be charged with sedition. Others jumped to her defense, arguing this was an example of democracy on full display. The storm erupted as the government's panel of interlocutors was in the Kashmir valley, trying to kickstart a political process.

What constitutes a sedition case?

Whoever by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards, the Government established by law in India.

Punishment :Imprisonment for life, to which fine may be added, or with imprisonment which may extend to three years, to which fine may be added, or with fine

Post your thoughts on the above topic in the comments section of this post.

Tuesday, October 26, 2010

EngQuizzitive-CET-14 (grammar) : Personal Pronouns:Quiz

EngQuizzitive - CET - 14 (grammar) : Personal Pronouns : Answers

Pronouns are words used in place of nouns.There are different types of pronouns.Some of them are as follows :
  • Personal [used only for people]
  • Indefinite
  • Reflexive
  • Demonstrative
This quiz is based on personal pronouns.

A pronoun has three aspects : number [ pronouns can be singular or plural]
                                              gender [masculine,feminine,common and neuter]
                                              case [subjective,objective and possessive]

A more detailed post on the case puzzle and theory of pronouns can be found on this link : http://engquizzitive.blogspot.com/2010/07/grammar-quiz-v-personal-pronouns.html

Order of the pronouns

When all the three persons of the pronouns are used together they follow an order.This order depends on whether the sentence conveys a positive or a negative meaning.

If the sentence conveys a positive meaning the order would be II,III and I
eg. You , Rahul and I would be awarded for our performance.
If the sentence conveys a negative meaning the order to be followed is I,II and III
eg. I ,you and Rahul would have to apologize for the misconduct of the class.

Answers
  1. It was I who documented the naxalite movement among the Naxalites in Andhra Pradesh.[since it is the subject that we are refering to here we use the subjective form that is I]
  2. Rahul and I had a spirited argument. [since both are subjects the subjective form 'I' is used]
  3. Let him and her come and meet me in my chamber after lunch. [since it is a command we use the objective case of the pronoun]
  4. I , you and Ram must take the blame for the failure of the project. [order of the pronouns : the sentence conveys a negative meaning hence the order : I,II and III]
  5. It is they who taught people the right attitude to life. [since it is the subject that we are refering to the subjective case 'they' is used]
For another quiz on personal pronouns : http://engquizzitive.blogspot.com/2010/07/grammar-quiz-v-personal-pronouns_11.html

Reading Comprehension : Tone

Tones

A tone is the attitude of the author towards the central idea.Since it is the author's attitude the tone to a large extent depends on the mood of the author.

Tones can be classified as follows :
  • Positive
  • Negative
  • Neutral
Neutral tone :  is also called as an unbiased , objective or disinterested tone.
[please note there is a difference between disinterested and uninterested ; the former refers to neutral while the latter refers to not interested]
ambivalence : The coexistence of opposing attitudes or feelings, such as love and hate, toward a person, object, or idea
dispassionate : Devoid of or unaffected by passion

Positive tones : here are a few of them :
  • positive : when the author feels good about the present situation
  • optimistic : when this feel good factor is for the future than the tone is optimistic
  • guarded optimism
  • advisory : [The world can learn a lot from the example of Switzerland , go small , decentralize]
  • euphemistic : a subtle way of saying something harsh [ A gossip is nothing but merely exchanging information]
  • motivational
  • didactic :  Intended to instruct [eg. the kind of tone the author's have in self improvement books]
  • moralistic
  • pedagogic : Characterized by a narrow, often ostentatious concern for book learning and formal rules
  • assertive
  • passionate
  • nostalgic
  • surprise
  • critical appreciation
Negative :
  • Paradox : it is opposite fo what one expects to happen [All great truths begin as blasphemies]
  • scepticism : unsure [Even the most die hard Indian would be wearied by the current stream of flattering news on India in the English press,especially when he realises how much of the current euphoria may be due to the good monsoons we have had this year.]
  • pessimism : the tendency to expect the worst and see the worst in all things [We have seen too much defeatism, too much pessimism, too much of a negative approach]
  • condescending : Displaying a patronizingly superior attitude [eg. The independent investor's desire to play individual stocks may well worry some market veterans, but that smacks a little of Wall Street's usual condescending attitude toward small investors]
  • flippant : Marked by disrespectful levity or casualness
  • superficial / artificial
  • acerbic : bitter
  • caustic : bitter
  • harshly critical
  • indignation : Anger aroused by something unjust
  • agony
  • irony : The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning
eg. Woman: I started riding these trains in the forties. Those days a man would give up his seat for a woman. Now we're liberated and we have to stand.Elaine: It's ironic.
Woman: What's ironic?
Elaine: This, that we've come all this way, we have made all this progress, but you know we've lost the little things, the niceties.
Woman: No, I mean what does ironic mean?
Elaine: Oh.


  • pungent : to the point , sharp
  • prosaic : Lacking in imagination and spirit
  • exaggeration
  • cynical : a person who believes the worst about everyone [He is a cynic – he thinks no-one is really unselfish]
  • disparaging : To reduce in esteem or rank
  • sardonic : Scornfully or cynically mocking
  • spiteful : malicious
  • rude
  • scathing :  Harmful or painful
  • critical
  • shock
  • sophistry : A plausible but misleading or fallacious argument [eg. The Pachuria committee was accused of sophistry.]
  • acidic
Humour
facetious : Playfully jocular; humorous
satire : A literary work in which human vice or folly is attacked through irony, derision, or wit [serials like 'Office Office' , R.K.Laxman is a satirist]
sarcastic [Because America's 'vital national interest' were not considered imperiled by mere genocide ,senior US officials did not give genocide the moral attention it warranted.]
witty : characterized by clever humour or wit
mocking : To treat with ridicule or contempt
tongue in check :
banter : Good-humored, playful conversation
spoof : A gentle satirical imitation

The list would continue ..........

The Indian Emergency of 1975

What is the meaning of state of emergency ?

A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend some normal functions of the executive, legislative and judicial powers, alert citizens to change their normal behaviors, or order government agencies to implement emergency preparedness plans. It can also be used as a rationale for suspending rights and freedoms, even if guaranteed under the constitution.

When was the Indian Emergency declared?

The Indian Emergency of 25 June 1975 – 21 March 1977 was a 21-month period, when President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, upon advice by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, declared a state of emergency under Article 352 of the Constitution of India, effectively bestowing on her the power to rule by decree, suspending elections and civil liberties.

Why is it important?

It is one of the most controversial times in the history of independent India. It also saw the first non-Congress prime minister of India.

What led to the emergency?

Raj Narain ,who had been defeated in parliamentary election by Indira Gandhi, lodged cases of election fraud and use of state machinery for election purposes against Mrs. Indira Gandhi in the Allahabad High Court. On 12 June 1975, Justice Jagmohanlal Sinha of the Allahabad High Court found the Prime Minister guilty on the charge of misuse of government machinery for her election campaign.

The court declared her election null and void and unseated her from her seat in the Lok Sabha. The court also banned her from contesting any election for an additional six years. Strikes in labor and trade unions, student unions and government unions swept across the country. Protests led by J.P.Narayan, Raj Narain and Morarji Desai flooded the streets of Delhi close to the Parliament building and the Prime Minister's residence. The ruling later became the primary reason for the imposition of emergency by Indira Gandhi.


What happened during emergency ? What was Indira Gandhi's role in the emergency?

Elections for the Parliament and state governments were postponed. Invoking article 352 of the Indian Constitution, Indira granted herself extraordinary powers and launched a massive crackdown on civil liberties and political opposition.The government claimed that the strikes and protests had paralyzed the government and hurt the economy of the country greatly.

The Government used police forces across the country to arrest thousands of protestors and strike leaders.Indira attempted to re-write the nation's laws with the help of the Parliament, where the Congress controlled over a two-thirds majority. She felt her powers were not amassing quickly enough, so she utilized the President to issue "extraordinary laws" that bypassed parliament altogether, allowing her to rule by decree.

The post emergency effect

On January 23, 1977, Indira Gandhi called fresh elections for March and released all political prisoners. The Emergency officially ended on March 23, 1977. The opposition Janata movement's campaign warned Indians that the elections might be their last chance to choose between “democracy and dictatorship.”

In the Lok Sabha elections, held in February, Indira and Sanjay both lost their Lok Sabha seats, as did most of their loyal followers. Many Congress Party loyalists deserted Indira, who herself lost her constituency seat. The Congress was reduced to just 153 seats, 92 of which were from four of the southern states. The Janata Party's 295 seats (of a total 542) gave it only a slim majority, but opposition candidates together represented more than two-thirds of the Lok Sabha. Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India

Monday, October 25, 2010

EngQuizzitive-1.3 (vocab) : Animal Idioms : Quiz

EngQuizzitive-1.3 (vocab) : Animal Idioms : Answers

We keep animals as pets, we need their help to do a million things…ride, hunt, plough….and then we use them to add a little excitement to our language, by weaving their characteristics and traits into idioms which have a lot of history behind them….So here’s for some wordplay, animal style!!!!!!

Answers (with the origin of these idioms)

Eager beaver

Origin: For many centuries man has admired the beaver for its hardworking nature. The beaver swims in rivers and builds dams made of tiny wooden sticks across them. Come rain or shine, the beaver is always hard at his work.
Meaning: hardworking, industrious
Usage:
• Johnny always finishes his schoolwork before going out to play. In this aspect Johnny is a eager beaver.
• New assistants are always eager beavers
 
Go to the dogs
 
Origin: In the medieval times, food that was spoilt or considered unfit for man was given to the dogs. Soon man started ascribing this state to his fellow beings,to indicate that a person’s state had become very bad, like that of a dog.
Meaning: To be ruined, to fall from a great position
Usage:
• Our rich neighbour’s fortune went to the dogs when his son spent all his money.
• They sat in the bar a night before the elections moaning that the country was going to the dogs.

Raining cats and dogs

Origin: In the 17th century in England, there were heavy rainstorms and sometimes cats and dogs would drown and would be found lying dead on the roads after the rains. It almost looked like it had been raining cats and dogs
Meaning: to rain very heavily
Usage:
• John cannot go out and play today because it is raining cats and dogs.
• It was raining cats and dogs by the time I got home.
 
Straight from the horse’s mouth
 
Origin: The best way to find a horse’s age is to look at the horse’s teeth and mouth.So ,rather than asking the seller of the horse about the beast’s condition ,health, age etc all you need to do is to look straight into the horse’s mouth.
Meaning: get some news directly from the person concerned
Usage: I got a tip yesterday, and if it wasn't straight from the horse's mouth it was jolly well the next thing to it.

Wolf in sheep’s clothing

Origin: In a story by Aesop#, the famous Greek storyteller, a hungry wolf killed a sheep and wore its skin to get into a flock of sheep and kill some more. The sheep all thought that the wolf was also one of them. The dangerous wolf hid under the sheep’s skin and managed to fool the flock.
Meaning: Someone who looks harmless but may actually be very dangerous.
Usage: Never trust strangers on the street for they may be wolves in the sheep’s clothing!

Note: Aesop was a slave and a story teller who lived in ancient Greece. He most known for his fables like the hare and the tortoise etc

Why is the flag hoisted on the Red fort on 15th August?

Red Fort

The Red Fort also called as Lal Quila is a 17th century fort complex constructed by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in the walled city of Old Delhi It served as the capital of the Mughals until 1857. The British used it as a military camp until India was made independent in 1947.


Who built the Red Fort and why?
 
The Red Fort was the palace for Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan's new capital, Shahjahanabad, the seventh city in the Delhi site. He moved his capital here from Agra in a move designed to bring prestige to his reign, and to provide ample opportunity to apply his ambitious building schemes and interests
 
Why is the flag hoisted on the Red Fort on 15th August?
 
It is believed that anyone who captured the Red Fort ruled the country and hence the flag is hoisted on the Red Fort on Independence to celebrate our soverignity.

Jaltarang (Indian culture)

What is Jaltarang ?

The Jal Tarang is an traditional Indian musical instrument used in Hindustani classical music. It is rarely seen or heard, even though the gentle tinkle of its unique sound is quite pleasing. Literally Jaltarang means "waves in water" but indicates motion of sound created or modified with the aid of water. In the wave-instruments, it is the most prominent and ancient instrument.

Where did it originate?

The Jal Tarang developed on the pattern of Gong and Gamelan played in Java, Bali, and Burma (now Myanmar). Gong or Gamelan are made up of copper and other metal alloys and are molded in different shapes to create various musical notes. Holding bamboo sticks in both hands with cotton on the striking end of sticks, the gongs are gently struck to create the desired sound.

How does Jaltarang work?

SangeetSaar considered one with 22 cups to be complete Jal Tarang and one with 15 cups to be of mediocre status. Cups, of varying sizes were made of either bronze or porcelain. Today only china bowls are preferred by artistes, numbering around sixteen in normal use. Cups for Mandra Swar (notes of lower octave)are large while those for Taar Swar (notes of higher octaves) are smaller in size. Water is poured into the cups and the pitch is changed by adjusting the volume of water in the cup. The number of cups depends on the melody being played.

The bowls mostly are arranged in a half-circle in front of the player who can reach them all easily. The player softly hits the cups with a wooden stick on the border to get the sound. Its not easy to tune the instrument and needs some skill. During playing fine nuances can be reached if the performer is accomplished. SangeetSaar mentions that if the player can rotate the water through a quick lithe touch of the stick, nuances and finer variations of the note can be achieved.

Sunday, October 24, 2010

EngQuizzitive-40 (grammar) : Conjunctions : Quiz

EngQuizzitive - 40 (grammar) : Conjunctions : Answers

Topic : Double Conjunctions

Some of the double conjunction pairs that you need to know:
either - or
neither - nor
not only - but also
no sooner - than
hardly - when
scarcely - when
lest - should
both - and
whether - or
never - or
so - that

Answers
  1. Not only did he promise to replace the broken part but to provide compensation for the damage as well. [Incorrect : Not only did he promise to replace the broken part but also to provide compensation for the damage as well ] : incorrect double conjunction pair
  2. The problem was too difficult that it could not be solved by any of us. [Incorrect : The problem was so difficult that it could not be solved by any of us.] : incorrect double conjunction pair
  3. No sooner did he stop his car at the signal when the beggars came running to him. [Incorrect : No sooner did he stop his car at the signal than the beggars came running to him.]
  4. She is either stupid or pretends to be one. [Incorrect : Either she is stupid or pretends to be one.]
  5. Hardly had he reached the mountain top when it began to snow. [Correct]

Friday, October 22, 2010

EngQuizzitive-CET-13 (vocab) : Analogies : Quiz

EngQuizzitive-CET-13 (vocab) : Analogies : Answers

Analogies

Answers
  1. Insomnia is inability to sleep.The relationship here is that a person suffering from insomnia cannot sleep or is drawn away from sleep.Similarly anorexia is a condition in which the person is repelled by food and is unable to take in any large quantities.This is same as the given relationship.
  2. Regicide is the killing of a king.The first is a term associated with the killing of the second.Homicide is the killing of man in general and so this fits the relationship given above.
  3. The purpose of a newspaper is to give information.The second word provides the purpose of the first.The primary purpose of an advertisement is publicity so the relationship is analogous to the one above.
  4. Idiom is the innate part of a language,a characteristic that is peculiar to a particular language.The one is the essence of the other.Rhythm is the essence of poetry which is what makes it different from prose.This relationship is analogous to the one given above.
  5. Erudite a learned is the opposite of illiterate.So is the case with love and hatred.The given words are antonyms.

Who is the Iron man of India?

Who is called the Iron man of India?

Sardar Vallabhai Patel

Why is he called the Iron man of India?

He was a political and social leader of India who played a major role in the country's struggle for independence and guided its integration into a united, independent nation. He was at the forefront of rebellions and political events.and hence called the Iron man of India.

Why is he one of the most important leaders in India's post independence history?

As the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India, Patel organised relief for refugees in Punjab and Delhi, and led efforts to restore peace across the nation. Patel took charge of the task to forge a united India from the 565 semi-autonomous princely states and British-era colonial provinces. Using frank diplomacy backed with the option (and the use) of military action, Patel's leadership enabled the accession of almost every princely state. Hailed as the Iron Man of India, he is also remembered as the "Patron Saint" of India's civil servants for establishing modern all-India services. Patel was also one of the earliest proponents of property rights and free enterprise in India.

What is horse trading?

What is horse trading ?

In the original sense, Horse trading is the buying and selling of horses, also called "Horse Dealing". Due to the difficulties in evaluating the merits of a horse offered for sale, the selling of horses offered great opportunities for dishonesty. It was expected that horse sellers would capitalize on these opportunities and so those who dealt in horses gained a reputation for shady business practices.

What is political horse trading ?

When political parties resort to unscrupulous ways to lure members from another party to put together the majority required to form a government. Sometimes the defectors are rewarded with plum ministerial berths, often with sumptuous monetary gains.

How is it related to Karnataka political crisis?

Horsetrading charges have dogged the BJP government in Karnataka's for the past few days.
Now, a Janata Dal-Secular MLA has released a video footage of what the party claims is a BJP MLA offering one of their MLAs Rs. 15 crore to join the BJP.The under 4 minute video footage shows BJP MLA from Tumkur, Suresh Gowda, offering the Janata Dal MLA almost Rs. 25 crore.
JD(S) chief and former chief minister of Karnataka HD Kumaraswamy has said he will go to the Governor and demand the dismissal of Yeddyurappa government with this evidence

Thursday, October 21, 2010

Homophones and misused words from CAT 07/08

  1. dizzily :  Bewildered or confused
  2. hazily : Unclear, confused
  3. recrimination : A countercharge 
  4. reprobations : A morally unprincipled person.
  5. imbibe : To drink
  6. instil : To introduce by gradual, persistent efforts
  7. invidious
  8. insidious
  9. exhausting
  10. exhaustive
  11. spurted
  12. spurred
  13. crux
  14. emphasis
  15. bucolic
  16. bubonic
  17. lackadaisical
  18. lacklustre
  19. pervasive
  20. persuasive
  21. acceded
  22. exceeded
  23. adapted
  24. adopted
  25. transmit
  26. transfer
  27. ingenuous
  28. ingenious
  29. sedation
  30. sedition
  31. indolence
  32. insolence
  33. expel
  34. dispel
  35. official
  36. officious
  37. congenial
  38. congenital
  39. conform
  40. confirm
  41. infected
  42. infested
  43. inextricable
  44. inexplicable
  45. sops
  46. stops
  47. faculites
  48. facilities
  49. purvey
  50. purview
  51. food
  52. foods
  53. consciousness
  54. conscience
  55. prosecution
  56. persecution
  57. interpellated
  58. interpolated
  59. flares
  60. flairs
  61. factious
  62. factitious
  63. modal
  64. model
  65. modus vivendi
  66. modus operandi
  67. meritorious
  68. meretricious
  69. carats
  70. carets
  71. a priori
  72. a posteriori
  73. de facto
  74. de jure
  75. portentous
  76. pretentious
  77. commanded
  78. commended
  79. condone
  80. condole
  81. rein
  82. reign
  83. provoked
  84. revoked
  85. morality
  86. mortality
  87. unveil
  88. inveigle
  89. rare
  90. rear
  91. project
  92. propel
  93. sensual
  94. sensuous
  95. yolk
  96. yoke
  97. canvass
  98. canvas
Please check the comments section of this post for the meanings of these words [courtesy : Harsha]

EngQuizzitive-39 (vocab) : Substitution based questions (CAT 07/08):Quiz

Wednesday, October 20, 2010

EngQuizzitive-39 (vocab) : Substitution based questions (CAT 07/08):Answers

Meanings of the words in the quiz :

dubious : Of questionable character
doubtful : Subject to or causing doubt
climactic: Relating to or constituting a climax
climatic: Of or relating to climate
flouted : To be scornful
flaunted : show oneself off
continuous : Uninterrupted in time
continual : Recurring regularly or frequently
ameliorate : To make or become better
alleviate :  To make (pain, for example) more bearable

Answers
  1. The claim that inflation has been checked sounds dubious when you see the figures being reeled out by the news channels.
  2. Global warming has brought forth many climatic terms from politicians.
  3. Rani flaunted the new watch she had got from the States
  4. Despite my continual requests for a leave my boss did not oblige.
  5. The governments both at the Center and in the states should join hands to alleviate the sufferings of the poor.

Seperatist movements in India

What is the meaning of a seperatist movement ? Who are the seperatist?Why are they so called?

Separatism is the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group, often with demands for greater political autonomy and even for full political secession and the formation of a new state

Various Seperatist movements in India
There have been 8 secessionist movements namely Khalistan, Assam , Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh

Kashmir : The most high profile separatist actions have been in Kashmir, with the assumption that the Muslim majority Kashmir Valley would join Pakistan or become independent, but that Hindu majority Jammu and Buddhist majority Ladakh would stay in India

Khalistan : Khalistan is on actually proposed Sikh homeland. The Khalistan movement is a movement in Indian Punjab to create "The Land of the Pure" as an independent Sikh state in all Punjabi-speaking areas, which include Indian Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and some other Punjabi speaking parts of states like Gujarat and Rajasthan

Assam : The United Liberation Front of Asom is a separatist group from Assam, among many other such groups in North-East India. It seeks to establish a sovereign Assam via an armed struggle in the Assam Conflict. The Government of India had banned the organization in 1990 and classifies it as a terrorist group, while the US State Department lists it under "Other groups of concern".

Bodoland : The National Democratic Front of Bodoland, also known as NDFB or the Bodo Security Force, is a separatist movement that is predominantly christian which seeks to obtain a sovereign Bodoland for the Bodo people in Assam

Tripura : Both the National Liberation Front of Tripura and the All Tripura Tiger Force, which claim to represent the Tripuri people, an economically disadvantaged community.[8]. The NLFT, founded in 1989, aims for independence for Tripura. The NLFT is currently proscribed as a terrorist organization in India.

Arunachal Pradesh : The Arunachal Dragon Force (ADF), also known as the East India Liberation Front, is a violent secessionist movement in the eastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. The ADF seeks to create an independent state resembling the pre-British Teola Country consisting of area currently in Arunachal Pradesh as well as neighboring Assam


Nagaland : The NSCN factions and Naga National Council have been fighting for a greater Nagalim, which constitutes areas of present day Assam, Nagaland, Manipur and Myanmar.

Manipur : A separatist insurgency began in 1964, although momentum to a more violent phase did not occur until 1978. The Separatists demand a sovereign state separate from the Union of India, a claimed lack of development, plundering of local resources, and a general discontent is part of their argument

Apart from the above the recent addition has been the demand of Telangana a region in Andhra Pradesh.


Telangana : is a region in Andhra Pradesh, India . On December 9, 2009, the Government of India announced that the process for the formation of Telangana state would be considered upon introduction and passage of a separation statement by the state assembly of Andhra Pradesh
Question for comments:

Do you think India should grant independence to these states?
What do you think are the major reasons for these movements ?

Post your thoughts in the comments section of this post.

Economics forum : Bretton Woods twins

Hello people,

From this week I would be begining with a series of posts trying to demystify a few commonly used economic terms and jargons.I would be posting these posts once a week so as to not to burden you with too many jargons.The links to these posts would be sent to you along with the mailers.

To begin with : the Bretton Woods twins

Who are the Bretton Woods twins?
The International Monetary Fund and The World Bank

Why are they called the Bretton Woods twins ?
Because they were formed after the second world war as a result of a conference held at Bretton Woods in the US

Why were they formed?
They were formed to assist in the reconstruction of war-ravaged countries. Leaders felt that financial stability was best achieved when countries worked in an environment of interdependence.

What was the IMF suppose to do?
IMF was supposed to oversee and monitor the economic performance of member countries and warn them of any developing economic crisis. There are 147 members in IMF.
If any crisis does develop and a country approaches IMF for help, the organisation chalks out a recovery plan, which includes imposition of conditions for keeping the economies on a particular path.

What role is the World Bank play suppose to perform?
It works to provide soft loans for the development of social and economic infrastructure to countries. It also has a set of conditions that it often follows and broadly follows the IMF prescription.


Do let me know if you find these posts difficult to understand coz the objective of these posts is to make economics very simple and easy to understand to an average student.

Tuesday, October 19, 2010

EngQuizzitive - 12 (grammar) : Indefinite articles : Quiz

EngQuizzitive-CET-12 (grammar) : Indefinite articles (a,an) : Answers

Indefinite Articles

Etymology : from the latin root artis = skill
Definition : they are placed before nouns and adjectives.They help define the specificity of a noun and an adjective.
Types : Definite (the)
            Indefinite (a.an)

Indefinite articles : they are used to indicate the generic charateristic of a noun.They are called indefinite also because they usually leave indefinite the person or thing spoken of.

The difference between a and an

A- used before singular countable nouns
an - used before a word begining with a vowel sound

[though there are 5 vowels in the English Alphabet (a,e,i,o,u) they represent 20 sounds,hence many a time the word spelling might begin with a vowel letter but the sound might be a consonant sound]

eg. one is pronounced as /won/ which is a consonant sound and hence we say 'a one rupee note'
     university is pronounced  as /yu/ which is a consonant sound and hence 'a university'
     hour is pronounced as /our/ which is a vowel sound and hence 'an hour'

This explanation should help you understand the answers in this quiz on indefinite articles

Answers
  1. I'll be back in an hour.
  2. He bought a one room kitchen flat.
  3. Let us have dinner. [no article required]
  4. Sreedhar is a/the most intelligent student. [ 'a most' would mean very and 'the most' would mean the superlative degree of the adjective much]
  5. I had a late lunch today. [we use 'a' when there is an adjective before nouns indicating meals]

Agent Orange : deadly

What is agent orange?

A 50:50 mixture of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, it was manufactured for the U.S. Department of Defense primarily by Monsanto Corporation and Dow Chemical . It was given its name from the color of the orange-striped 55 US gallons (210 L) barrels in which it was shipped, and was by far the most widely used of the so-called "Rainbow Herbicides

It's role in the Vietnam war

During the Vietnam war, between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed 20,000,000 US gallons (80,000,000 L) of chemical herbicides and defoliants in Vietnam, eastern Laos and parts of Cambodia, as part of Operation Ranch Hand. The program's goal was to defoliate forested and rural land, depriving guerrillas of cover; another goal was to induce forced draft urbanization, destroying the ability of peasants to support themselves in the countryside, and forcing them to flee to the U.S. dominated cities, thus depriving the guerrillas of their rural support base and food supply

Effect of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people

The Vietnam Red Cross reports that as many as 3 million Vietnamese people have been affected by Agent Orange including at least 150,000 children born with birth defects. According to Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 4.8 million Vietnamese people were exposed to Agent Orange, resulting in 400,000 people being killed or maimed, and 500,000 children born with birth defects

Monday, October 18, 2010

EngQuizzitive-1.2 (grammar) : Proper Nouns : Quiz

EngQuizzitive-1.2 (grammar) : Proper nouns:Answers

Hello students,

We begin with our online quiz series on grammar.Every alternate week we would take one aspect of grammar and help you create a template for the same.You have choice to read the theory first and then solve the quiz or solve the quiz and then read the theory and check your answers.

Language skeleton

Grammar consists of rules that link the various facets of a language.These rules along with the facets form the language skeleton.

The shortest unit in a language skeleton is a word.There are 8 types of words which are the eight parts of speech.These words together form phrases.These phrases together form a clause and these clauses would form a sentence.

There are three types of phrases : adjective,adverb and noun
There are three types of clauses : adjective,adverb and noun
There are three types of sentences : Simple,Compound and Complex

We begin with the parts of speech.These eight parts of speech are as follows:
Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adverb
Adjective
Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection

According modern gramarians articles are also considered as one of the parts of speech.

We begin our grammar series with the relationship between articles and proper nouns.

Noun : derived from the latin word nomen (name) is a naming word.The different types of nouns are as follows :

Proper
Common
Abstract
Collective
Material.

This quiz deals with the usage of articles with proper nouns.For the article template check the following link:
http://engquizzitive.blogspot.com/2010/10/engquizzitive-cet-10-grammararticles_12.html

For other quizzes on the usage of articles check the following link : http://engquizzitive.blogspot.com/p/grammar-templates.html

Answers
  1. He is a Bertie Wooster. or He is Bertie Wooster [the meaning would change with the placement of an article;a Bertie Wooster would mean like Wooster and without an article would mean his name is Bertie Wooster]
  2. The Indus flows through the Punjab into the Arabian sea. [all geographic locations being one of their kind take the article 'the']
  3. The English colonised more places compared to the French.
  4. The great depression had little effect on the Soviet Union because of its communist form of government. [refers to a cluster so would take the definite article]
  5. Martin Luther King who led a Gandhian revolution against racial discrimination achieved notable success. [refers to a revolution like the one lead by Gandhi] 

Sunday, October 17, 2010

Should the governor's post be abolished? : Karnataka crisis

What is the Karnataka political crisis?

[seat distribution :BJP : 117,Congress : 73,JDS : 28 and Independants:6]
What is the crisis: Some BJP MLA's have turned rebels and have withdrawn their support to the BJP government citing corruption charges against the chief minister Yeddurappa Reddy.

The events that have led to the questioning of the governor's role in governing a state

Monday 11th Oct  : Karnataka government wins a controversial vote of confidence after the speaker disqualified rebel MLAs from the assembly

Yeddyurappa was forced to go in for the second trial of strength after Governor H R Bhardwaj rejected the result of the Monday vote as "farce" and gave him another chance on Tuesday, which the BJP accepted.


On Monday evening, Bhardwaj had recommended to the Centre imposition of President's rule in Karnataka holding that the Constitution machinery had broken down.


Oct 14th Thursday : Karnataka Chief Minister B S Yeddyurappa on Thursday expectedly won a vote of confidence in the truncated state Assembly .Facing the second trial of strength in four days, Yeddyurappa's motion expressing confidence in his council of ministers was carried by 106 votes supporting it and 100 against.


Following the occurence of the above events a few questions that have popped up are:
  • Did the governor misuse his power in asking the ruling party to prove its majority twice in four days?
  • Is there a requirement of a governor's post in every state?
  • Is appointing a governor a waste of public money?
  • Is the post a problem or the people occupying the post a problem?
Post your views in the comments section of this post.

FYI : a governor is a constitutional head in every state
before you post your comments read on some governors who in the past have changed the politics of their states
  • Romesh Bhandari (Uttar Pradesh)
  • SM Krishna (Maharashtra) [though now he is the external affairs minister]
  • Gopal Gandhi (West Bengal)

Saturday, October 16, 2010

EngQuizzitive-38 (grammar) :prepositions : Quiz

EngQuizzitive - 38 (grammar) : prepositions : Answers

Prepositions indicating possession

of : mosque of Oman [used with inanimate objects]
with : a boy with red hair [used with animate objects]
on : There was no money on him.

Prepositions indicating manner

by : dying by inches
with : fought with courage

Prepositions indicating reason/purpose

for : I did this for you.

Prepositions indicating contrast or concession

after/inspite of/notwithstanding : After every effort one may fail.
with : With all his faults I still admire him
for : For one enemy he has hundred friends.

Answers
  1. There was no money on him. [possession]
  2. He worked with earnestness. [manner]
  3. I will do it for all you may say. [reason]
  4. With / Inspite of all his faults I still like him. [contrast/concession]
  5. For/inspite of / despite all his wealth he is not content. [contrast/concession] 

Critical Reasoning : Basics

These are the conceptual verbal reasoning questions in CAT.The pattern of these questions is a paragraph followed by one question.They are kind of mini reading comprehension the only difference being the number of questions following the paragraph.Also in most of the critical reasoning questions the question is predictable unlike RC.

The basics are as follows:

Premise or Fact is any information that is verifiable [meaning one can find out whether it is true or false;it need not be true]
eg Amitabh is the highest paid actor.
    It is raining.
    A cow has 10 legs. [remember in reasoning we do not check the verity of the statement simply the validity]

Opinion or Judgement is any statement which is not verifiable
eg Amitabh is a good actor.
    It is raining heavily.
    A cow is a holy animal

Conclusion : is a judgement derived from a fact and since a fact is verifiable the judgement is also verifiable,this judgement is known as a Conclusion
eg. Amitabh is the highest paid actor therefore a good actor [the second part is a conclusion since good is defined in terms of payment which is verifiable and hence good is also verifiable]
     A cow has 10 legs therefore a holy animal. [again here the second part is a conclusion]

Assumption : is a statement based on a fact to derive the conclusion
There are clouds in the sky [fact]
Therefore I'll carry an umbrella [conclusion] assuming it would rain

In the above example the conclusion is based on two things the fact and the assumption which gives us a fundamental equation in reasoning :

Premise + Assumption = Conclusion

 This equation in reasoning is known as an Argument

Inference : is an opinion based on a fact but though the fact is verifiable the opinion is not verifiable.This opinion is known as an Inference.
eg central idea of a passage depends on the reader's understanding of the passage.The understanding is the opinion which is based on the same fact for everyone that is the passage ,but this understanding is not verifiable.

[Please note in FIJ questions CAT does not differentiate between a Conclusion and an Inference]

There are 8 types of questions possible in critical reasoning.These are as follows:
  1. Strengthen the argument [where an additonal premise is to be provided to support the argument]
  2. Contradict the argument [in this case the premise has to be negated to get the right answer]
  3. Identify the assumption
  4. Weaken the argument [where the assumption has to be negated to weaken the argument]
  5. Identify the flaw in reasoning [this is solved by identifying the faulty assumption]
  6. Identify the conclusion
  7. Identify the inference
  8. Miscellaneous : summarise the argument , parallel reasoning and identify the reason behind the paradox*
* paradox is oppositte of what we expect things to happen
eg There was abundance of crop in Latur but farmers committed suicide

Friday, October 15, 2010

EngQuizzitive-CET-11 (vocab) : Quiz

EngQuizzitive-CET-11 (vocab) : Answers

Topic : Idioms

What are idioms check on this link : http://engquizzitive.blogspot.com/2010/08/engquizzitive-22-vocabanswers.html

Answers

Child's play : an easy task
Cut no ice : have no influence or effect
The bottom line : the most important factor
A bird's eye view : an  overall view
Set tongues wagging : encourage gossip

Other quizzes on idioms :
http://engquizzitive.blogspot.com/2010/08/engquizzitive-22-vocabquiz.html
http://engquizzitive.blogspot.com/2010/09/engquizzitive-cet1-vocabquiz.html

EngQuizzitive-37 (FIJ) : Quiz

EngQuizzitive-37 : FIJ : Answers

Additional Quiz on FIJ

For theory on FIJ check this link : http://engquizzitive.blogspot.com/2010/08/engquizzitive-16-reasoning-answers-fij.html

Answers
  1.   She was undoubtedly , a highly religious woman,she visited temples with unfailing regularity and celebrated all the festivals with pomp and gaiety. [Inference : the first part is an opinion (key word : undoubtedly) which based on the second part which is verifiable hence a fact]
  2. Her reverence towards others' religions was exemplary [Judgement : author's view]
  3. Surprisingly,she had a Muslim sounding name -Sabaz Kali [Fact : her name can be verified]
  4. It was probabaly the Islamic influence of Muzzaffarnagar ,where she was born and brought up,that led her father to give her such a strange-sounding non-Hindu name. [Inference : the first part is the author's opinion which is based on the second part which is verifiable]
  5. With only 75 branches,Northern Rock was ambitious in its aspirations to be a big player in the region. [Judgement : though the first part is a fact the second part that is a judgement is not derived from the first part and hence the entire statement is a Judgement*]
* just putting a fact and a judgement together does not make it an Inference,for a statement to be an Inference the Judgement has to be derived from the fact.